Kīlauea Volcano Erupts Spectacularly, USGS Raises Alert to Warning Level Amid Hazards

Kīlauea Volcano has made headlines as it ends the year with an impressive display of lava fountains erupting from fissures within its summit caldera, known as Kaluapele. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to this significant eruption by raising Kīlauea's volcano alert level from ADVISORY to WARNING and upgrading its aviation color code from YELLOW to RED. This change reflects heightened concern for both the immediate area and the potential hazards that may extend downwind. Webcam footage reveals a striking series of fissures ejecting vibrant lava fountains, contributing to a flow that is contained within the boundaries of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. While the visual spectacle of volcanic activity can be mesmerizing, it is the associated hazards—specifically high levels of volcanic gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide—that pose a serious concern. These gases can drift far beyond the eruption site, potentially affecting air quality and public health. Sulfur dioxide, in particular, can create volcanic smog, commonly referred to as vog, which can lead to respiratory issues and environmental damage, including acid rain that affects crops. Kīlauea is renowned for being one of the most closely monitored volcanoes worldwide. The volcano is outfitted with an extensive array of scientific instruments that not only measure seismic activity but also analyze gas emissions from its vents. These monitoring efforts are critical in assessing the state of the volcano and predicting future behavior. Historically, Kīlauea is known for a blend of effusive and explosive eruptions. While it typically exhibits a gentler effusive eruption style, characterized by lava flowing steadily from fissures, it can shift into explosive phases. Notable explosive events in the past include a series of eruptions in May 1924, which expelled volcanic materials high into the atmosphere. In recent years, significant eruptions have also caused considerable destruction, such as the catastrophic lava flow in May 2018 that obliterated over 700 homes. What sets Kīlauea apart from many other volcanoes is its unique eruptive mechanism, often likened to a "stomp-rocket" dynamic. During effusive eruptions, the gradual emptying of the magma reservoir can lead to the collapse of the rocky roof above it. This collapse results in a rapid increase in pressure, forcing gas and debris through the vents of the crater, thus triggering explosive activity. As Kīlauea continues to captivate onlookers with its natural displays, the USGS remains vigilant. Ongoing monitoring will determine if adjustments to the alert level or aviation color code are necessary based on changes in volcanic activity. The USGS is committed to informing the public through Volcanic Activity Notices should any significant developments arise. In the meantime, residents and visitors alike are advised to stay informed and heed warnings as this dynamic volcano showcases the ever-changing forces of nature.